Great Britain became a leader in the development of public health initiatives, beginning in the 19th century, due to the fact that it was the first modern urban nation worldwide. In complex, pre-industrialized societies, interventions designed to reduce health risks could be the initiative of different stakeholders, such as army generals, the clergy or rulers. A major public health concern in developing countries is poor maternal and child health, exacerbated by malnutrition and poverty coupled with governments' reluctance in implementing public health policies.įrom the beginnings of human civilization, communities promoted health and fought disease at the population level. There may not be enough trained healthcare workers, monetary resources, or, in some cases, sufficient knowledge to provide even a basic level of medical care and disease prevention. In developing countries, public health infrastructures are still forming. There is a significant disparity in access to health care and public health initiatives between developed countries and developing countries, as well as within developing countries. Common public health initiatives include promotion of hand-washing and breastfeeding, delivery of vaccinations, promoting ventilation and improved air quality both indoors and outdoors, suicide prevention, smoking cessation, obesity education, increasing healthcare accessibility and distribution of condoms to control the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Public health is implemented through the surveillance of cases and health indicators, and through the promotion of healthy behaviors. Public health, together with primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care, is part of a country's overall healthcare system. Other important sub-fields include environmental health, community health, behavioral health, health economics, public policy, mental health, health education, health politics, occupational safety, disability, oral health, gender issues in health, and sexual and reproductive health. For example, epidemiology, biostatistics, social sciences and management of health services are all relevant. Public health is an interdisciplinary field. The concept of health takes into account physical, psychological, and social well-being. The public can be as small as a handful of people or as large as a village or an entire city in the case of a pandemic it may encompass several continents. Analyzing the determinants of health of a population and the threats it faces is the basis for public health. Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals".
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